Time series analysis of real-time music perception: approaches to the assessment of individual and expertise differences in perception of expressed affect

Abstract

We use time series analysis methods to detect differences between individuals and expertise groups in continuous perceptions of the arousal expressed by Wishart's electroacoustic piece Red Bird. The study is part of a project in which we characterise dynamic perception of the structure and affective expression of music. We find that individual series of perceptions of expressed arousal often show considerable periods of stasis. This may challenge conventional time series methodologies, so we test their validity by application of a general linear autoregressive moving average (GLARMA) approach, which supports it. Acoustic intensity is a dominant predictor of perceived arousal in this piece. We show that responses are time-variant and that animate sounds influence the conditional variance of perceived arousal. Using vector autoregression and cross-sectional time series analysis (which preserves the integrity of each individual response series), we find differences between musical expertise groups (non-musicians, musicians, and electroacoustic musicians). Individual differences within each group are greater than those between expertise groups. The companion paper applies the developed methods to all four pieces in our overall project (Dean, R.T., F. Bailes, and W.T.M. Dunsmuir. 2014. “Shared and Distinct Mechanisms of Individual and Expertise-Group Perception of Expressed Arousal in Four Works.” Journal of Mathematics and Music 8 (3): 207–223). An Online Supplement is available at http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/17459737.2014.928752.