Abstract
The past 3–5 years have witnessed a dramatic increase in the number of time-resolved X-ray spectroscopic studies, mainly driven by novel technical and methodological developments. The latter include (i) the high repetition rate optical pump/X-ray probe studies, which have greatly boosted the signal-to-noise ratio for picosecond (ps) X-ray absorption spectroscopy studies, while enabling ps X-ray emission spectroscopy (XES) at synchrotrons; (ii) the X-ray free electron lasers (XFELs) are a game changer and have allowed the first femtosecond (fs) XES and resonant inelastic X-ray scattering experiments to be carried out; (iii) XFELs are also opening the road to the development of non-linear X-ray methods. In this perspective, I will mainly focus on the most recent technical developments and briefly address some examples of scientific questions that have been addressed thanks to them. I will look at the novel opportunities in the horizon.
Highlights
The field of time-resolved X-ray spectroscopies has witnessed an impressive growth over the past 10 years, thanks to the development of new methods and to the commissioning of new light sources
The latter include (i) the high repetition rate optical pump/X-ray probe studies, which have greatly boosted the signal-to-noise ratio for picosecond X-ray absorption spectroscopy studies, while enabling ps X-ray emission spectroscopy (XES) at synchrotrons; (ii) the X-ray free electron lasers (XFELs) are a game changer and have allowed the first femtosecond XES and resonant inelastic X-ray scattering experiments to be carried out; (iii) XFELs are opening the road to the development of non-linear X-ray methods
This brought about a significant increase in signal to noise (S/N) ratio for ps X-ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS) experiments,9 compared to the previous generation of 1 kHz experiment,10–16 but it opened the door to ps X-ray emission studies, thanks to the sampling of weak emission signals
Summary
Laboratoire de Spectroscopie Ultrarapide (LSU) and Lausanne Centre for Ultrafast Science (LACUS), ISIC-FSB, Ecole Polytechnique Federale de Lausanne, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland (Received 18 April 2016; accepted 16 May 2016; published online 31 May 2016). The past 3–5 years have witnessed a dramatic increase in the number of time-resolved X-ray spectroscopic studies, mainly driven by novel technical and methodological developments The latter include (i) the high repetition rate optical pump/X-ray probe studies, which have greatly boosted the signal-to-noise ratio for picosecond (ps) X-ray absorption spectroscopy studies, while enabling ps X-ray emission spectroscopy (XES) at synchrotrons; (ii) the X-ray free electron lasers (XFELs) are a game changer and have allowed the first femtosecond (fs) XES and resonant inelastic X-ray scattering experiments to be carried out; (iii) XFELs are opening the road to the development of non-linear X-ray methods.
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