Abstract
Human languages typically employ a variety of spatial metaphors for time (e.g., “I'm looking forward to the weekend”). The metaphorical grounding of time in space is also evident in gesture. The gestures that are performed when talking about time bolster the view that people sometimes think about regions of time as if they were locations in space. However, almost nothing is known about the development of metaphorical gestures for time, despite keen interest in the origins of space–time metaphors. In this study, we examined the gestures that English‐speaking 6‐to‐7‐year‐olds, 9‐to‐11‐year‐olds, 13‐to‐15‐year‐olds, and adults produced when talking about time. Participants were asked to explain the difference between pairs of temporal adverbs (e.g., “tomorrow” versus “yesterday”) and to use their hands while doing so. There was a gradual increase across age groups in the propensity to produce spatial metaphorical gestures when talking about time. However, even a substantial majority of 6‐to‐7‐year‐old children produced a spatial gesture on at least one occasion. Overall, participants produced fewer gestures in the sagittal (front‐back) axis than in the lateral (left‐right) axis, and this was particularly true for the youngest children and adolescents. Gestures that were incongruent with the prevailing norms of space–time mappings among English speakers (leftward and backward for past; rightward and forward for future) gradually decreased with increasing age. This was true for both the lateral and sagittal axis. This study highlights the importance of metaphoricity in children's understanding of time. It also suggests that, by 6 to 7 years of age, culturally determined representations of time have a strong influence on children's spatial metaphorical gestures.
Highlights
When people talk about time, they often employ spatial metaphors
When we examined whether the gestures participants made in the lateral and sagittal planes were congruent with canonical space–time mapping for English speakers, two patterns emerged
This study demonstrates that children as young as 6–7 years will use spatial gestures that map time on to space, and that they typically do so in canonical ways
Summary
When people talk about time, they often employ spatial metaphors (see Bender & Beller, 2014, for a review). In English, future events are often described as being “ahead of us,” “just around the corner,” or “on the horizon.” In each of these examples, an event occurring at a future time period is referred to as if it were a location in space. Lakoff and Johnson noted that concrete tangible domains are often used as source domains for the metaphoric structuring of more abstract intangible concepts. They argued that spatial metaphors for time are not just a matter of surface language use; rather, thinking about time is inherently metaphorical in nature and involves spatial representations. We investigated the developmental origins of space–time mappings in order to assess the claim that thinking about time is inherently metaphorical
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