Time knowledge impairments in children with ADHD

Abstract

BackgroundA large number of studies have shown time perception impairment and reaction time (RT) variability in children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), and have discussed the causes of such difficulties. However, very few studies have investigated time knowledge (i.e., the correct representation and use of time units) in children with ADHD. MethodsWe evaluated time knowledge in 33 children with ADHD, aged 8–12 years, who had consulted a reference center for learning disabilities in Paris, matched for age and gender with 33 typically developing (TD) children. We used a simple questionnaire-based survey and neuropsychological tests for cognitive and attentional skills. ResultsThe acquisition of time knowledge was delayed in children with ADHD compared with TD children (P<0.01). At the end of primary school, children with ADHD obtained time knowledge scores that were close to those of TD children at the beginning of primary school. In children with ADHD, time knowledge was significantly related to the working memory index (P<0.05), but not to ADHD presentation (with or without hyperactivity). ConclusionThis study shows time knowledge impairment in children with ADHD, and paves the way for new screening tests and rehabilitation focused on time knowledge and time-related skills, in order to improve patient care and autonomy.