Time Dynamics in Chaotic Many-body Systems: Can Chaos Destroy a Quantum Computer?

Abstract

Highly excited many-particle states in quantum systems (nuclei, atoms, quantum dots, spin systems, quantum computers) can be ‘chaotic’ superpositions of mean-field basis states (Slater determinants, products of spin or qubit states). This is a result of the very high energy level density of many-body states which can be easily mixed by a residual interaction between particles. We consider the time dynamics of wave functions and increase of entropy in such chaotic systems. As an example, we present the time evolution in a closed quantum computer. A time scale for the entropy S(t) increase is t c ~τ 0 /(n log 2 n), where τ 0 is the qubit ‘lifetime’, n is the number of qubits, S(0) = 0 and S(t c )=1. At t _ t c the entropy is small: S ~nt 2 J 2 log 2 (1/t 2 J2 ), where J is the inter-qubit interaction strength. At t > t c the number of ‘wrong’ states increases exponentially as 2 S(t) . Therefore, t c may be interpreted as a maximal time for operation of a quantum computer. At t >>t c the system entropy approaches that for chaotic eigenstates.