Abstract
A numerical model for linearized Euler equations using finite difference in time-domain (FDTD) simulation is developed to simulate sound propagation with temperature gradient in the atmosphere. The speed of sound in the air varies with the temperature at different altitude above the ground due to the effect of temperature gradient. For sound propagation at long ranges, an algorithm of moving-frame method is implemented with parallel computation. The numerical results are compared with analytical solutions for sound propagation with downward and upward refraction caused by the speed of sound linearly increasing (downward refraction) or decreasing (upward refraction) with altitude. The 2D normal mode analytical solutions are used to compare the downward refraction results, and the residue series analytical solutions are used to compare the upward refraction results. The comparison show that the numerical simulation results agree very well with the analytical solutions for both downward refraction and upward refraction cases. Several examples of long- and short-range simulation results are then presented.
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