Abstract
The eruption of the Anak Krakatau volcano, Indonesia, on 22 December 2018 induced a destructive tsunami (the Sunda Strait tsunami), which was recorded by four nearby tidal gauges. In this study we invert the tsunami records and recover the tsunami generation process. Two tsunami sources are obtained, a static one of instant initial water elevation and a time-dependent one accounting for the continuous evolution of water height. The time-dependent results are found to reproduce the tsunami recordings more satisfactorily. The complete tsunami generation process lasts approximately 9 min and features a two-stage evolution with similar intensity. Each stage lasts about 3.5 min and elevates a water volume of about 0.13 km3. The time, duration and volume of the volcano eruption in general agree with seismic records and geomorphological interpretations. We also test different sizes of the potential source region, which lead to different maximum wave height in the source area, but all the results of time-dependent tsunami sources show the robust feature of two stages of wave generation. Our results imply a time-dependent and complex process of tsunami generation during the volcano eruption.
Highlights
Large-scale volcanic events in the ocean have a great potential to trigger devastating tsunamis that could cause severe damage in nearby coastal areas
The eruption of the Anak Krakatau volcano, Indonesia, on 22 December 2018 induced a destructive tsunami, which was recorded by four nearby tidal gauges
We test different sizes of the potential source region, which lead to different maximum wave height in the source area, but all the results of time-dependent tsunami sources show the robust feature of two stages of wave generation
Summary
Large-scale volcanic events in the ocean have a great potential to trigger devastating tsunamis that could cause severe damage in nearby coastal areas. Investigated three possible tsunami generation mechanisms following the 1883 Krakatau eruption – pyroclastic flow, caldera collapse and phreatomagmatic explosion, based on three different models – the two-layer shallow water model, the piston-like plunger model and a simple empirical model, respectively They found that the tsunami simulations from the pyroclastic flow model matched the tsunami data well for this particular event. In the typical inversion method, the possible tsunami source area is divided into grids, and the initial water elevation at each grid is obtained by inverting tsunami data. The volume of elevated water in time using medium and large tsunami source areas are provided in Figure ?? The time-dependent tsunami source produces improved waveform fitting than the optimum static tsunami source
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