Time-Dependent Retarded Microwave Electromagnetic Motors

Abstract

In a previous work, we showed that Newton’s third law does not strictly hold in a system with remote elements due the finite speed of signal propagation, and thus force imbalance occurs at the system’s center of mass. As the said system is affected by a total force for a finite time interval, mechanical energy and momentum are gained by the system. In early works, we assumed that the bodies were macroscopically charge-neutral. Later, we removed this restriction, thus analyzing the consequences of a possible electrically charged relativistic motor. In the first published paper on this subject, we studied this phenomenon in general but gave only an example of a system reaching a stationary state. In this paper, we shall analyze a charged retarded electromagnetic motor in a more general time-dependent setting, giving specific examples in which the system never reaches a stationary state yet produces steady linear momentum nonetheless. We show that the device is more efficient in the microwave (or higher) frequencies.