Time-averaging and exponential integrators for non-homogeneous linear IVPs and BVPs

Abstract

We consider time-averaging methods based on the Magnus series expansion jointly with exponential integrators for the numerical integration of general linear non-homogeneous differential equations. The schemes can be considered as averaged methods which transform, for one time step, a non-autonomous problem into an autonomous one whose flows agree up to a given order of accuracy at the end of the time step. The problem is reformulated as a particular case of a matrix Riccati differential equation and the Möbius transformation is considered, leading to a homogeneous linear problem. The methods proposed can be used both for initial value problems (IVPs) as well as for two-point boundary value problems (BVPs). In addition, they allow to use different approximations for different parts of the equation, e.g. the homogeneous and non-homogeneous parts, or to use adaptive time steps. The particular case of separated boundary conditions using the imbedding formulation is also considered. This formulation allows us to transform a stiff and badly conditioned BVP into a set of well conditioned IVPs which can be integrated using some of the previous methods. The performance of the methods is illustrated on some numerical examples.