Abstract
Osteoporosis is a global health problem, and it is of great significance to replace the drugs with natural functional factors. In this study, we investigated the antiosteoporotic activity of lipids prepared from Tilapia nilotica fish head lipids (THLs) in the ovariectomized osteoporosis rats. THLs are composed of neutral lipids (NL, 77.84%), phospholipids (PL, 11.86%), and glycolipids (GL, 6.47%). There were apparent differences in the fatty acid composition of disparate components, and PL contains the most abundant Ω-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids. The results proved that THLs could improve bone microstructure, increase bone mineral density, and decrease bone resorption. To illustrate the antiosteoporotic mechanism, we analyzed the changes in gut microbial communities, proinflammation factors, serum metabolites, and metabolic pathways. Further study on gut microbiota showed that THLs significantly decreased the content of Alistipes in the gut and dramatically increased the beneficial bacteria such as Oscillospira, Roseburia, and Dubosiella. Meanwhile, proinflammation factors of serum in OVX rats decreased significantly, and metabolites were changed. Therefore, we speculated that THLs improved bone loss through reducing inflammation and changing the metabolites and metabolic pathways such as arachidonic acid metabolism and primary bile acid metabolism, etc., by altering gut microbiota. The results indicated that THLs could be a functional factor with antiosteoporotic activity.
Highlights
Bone is a dynamic tissue continuously updated through absorption of old bone and formation of new bone [1]
Tilapia nilotica fish head lipids (THLs) were rich in polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs), accounting for about 22.56% of the total fatty acids, of which C18:2 had the highest content, followed by C18:3 n-3 and C20:2 n-6
Our study proved that THLs can downregulate the level of bone resorption indexes (TRACP-5β, CTX-1, cathepsin K (Cath-K), and matrix metalloproteinase 9 (MMP-9)) in the serum of OVX rats
Summary
Bone is a dynamic tissue continuously updated through absorption of old bone and formation of new bone [1]. The imbalance of bone remodeling results in severe bone loss and bone quality decline, which results in all kinds of bone diseases, such as rheumatoid arthritis, osteoporosis, and deformity. Osteoporosis occurs when bone resorption mediated by osteoclasts greater than bone formation regulated by osteoblasts, which is defined by international consensus as a systematic skeletal disease characterized by a decrease in bone mineral density and damage of bone microstructure, which generates increased bone vulnerability and fracture susceptibility [4–6]. Women are more likely to contract osteoporosis after menopause, because estrogen is a vital regulatory factor of bone homeostasis [7–9]. Alendronate, calcitonin, raloxifene, sodium fluoride, calcitriol, and diphosphate have been used to treat osteoporosis [12]. There is an urgent need for secure and effective functional factors to the prevent and treat osteoporosis
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