Abstract
Abstract. This study highlights the importance of tides in controlling the spatial and temporal distributions of phytoplankton and other factors related to growth, such as nutrients and light availability. To quantify the responses of net primary production (NPP) to tidal forcing, we conducted scenario model simulations considering M2 and S2 tidal constituents using the physical–biogeochemical coupled model ECOSMO (ECOSystem MOdel). The results were analyzed with respect to a reference simulation without tidal forcing, with particular focus on the spatial scale of the tidally induced changes. Tidal forcing regulates the mixing–stratification processes in shelf seas such as the North Sea and hence also influences ecosystem dynamics. In principle, the results suggest three different response types with respect to primary production: (i) in southern shallow areas with strong tidal energy dissipation, tidal mixing dilutes phytoplankton concentrations in the upper water layers and thereby decreases NPP. Additionally, tides increase turbidity in near-coastal shallow areas, which has the potential to further hamper NPP. (ii) In the frontal region of the southern North Sea, which is a transition zone between stratified and mixed areas, tidal mixing infuses nutrients into the surface mixed layer and resolves summer nutrient depletion, thus sustaining the NPP during the summer season after spring bloom nutrient depletion. (iii) In the northern North Sea, the NPP response to tidal forcing is limited. Additionally, our simulations indicate that spring bloom phenology is impacted by tidal forcing, leading to a later onset of the spring bloom in large parts of the North Sea and to generally higher spring bloom peak phytoplankton biomasses. By testing the related changes in stratification, light conditions and grazing pressure, we found that all three factors potentially contribute to the change in spring bloom phenology with clear local differences. Finally, we also analyzed the impact of the spring–neap tidal cycle on NPP. The annual mean impact of spring–neap tidal forcing on NPP is limited. However, locally, we found substantial differences in NPP either in phase or anti-phase with the spring–neap tidal cycle. These differences could be attributed to locally different dominant factors such as light or nutrient availability during spring tides. In general, we conclude that in shallow shelf seas such as the North Sea, intensified vertical mixing induced by tidal forcing could either promote NPP by counteracting nutrient depletion or hinder NPP by deteriorating the light environment because of the resuspension and mixing of suspended matter into the euphotic zone.
Highlights
Coastal and shelf seas, such as the North Sea, generally show primary production up to 3–5 times that of the open ocean (Simpson and Sharples, 2012)
The annual mean impact of spring–neap tidal forcing on net primary production (NPP) is limited
Estimated tidal impacts on NPP are highest in the stratified shallow North Sea, with a maximum response of up to 60 gC m−2 year−1 (Fig. 2c)
Summary
Coastal and shelf seas, such as the North Sea, generally show primary production up to 3–5 times that of the open ocean (Simpson and Sharples, 2012). Among the potential reasons for this difference are the tides, one of the dominant physical forcing factors in the North Sea, which regulate the mixing– stratification status (Pingree and Griffiths, 1978; Simpson and Souza, 1995), with potential implications for primary production (Daly and Smith, 1993; Otto et al, 1990). C. Zhao et al.: Tidal impacts on primary production in the North Sea sion. The resuspension and upward vertical mixing of near-bottom sediments (Bowers et al, 1998; Smith and Jones, 2015) deteriorate light conditions (Porter et al, 2010) and result in decreasing productivity. The co-action of these mechanisms results in either favorable or unfavorable impacts on ecosystem productivity depending on local hydrodynamic and biochemical conditions, shaping the specific structure and sensitivity of North Sea net primary production (NPP)
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