Tidal flow over three-dimensional topography in a stratified fluid

Abstract

Our laboratory experiments and numerical simulations of stratified tidal flow past model topography (a half sphere on a horizontal plane) reveal several three-dimensional flow features, including an unexpected flow perpendicular to the forcing plane (the vertical plane through the center of the sphere, in the direction of the oscillating tide). This perpendicular flow has a time-independent component and a component oscillating at twice the tidal frequency. Our results show that the time-independent part of the perpendicular flow forms a large-scale horizontal circulation, which could enhance material transport and mixing near bottom topography in the oceans. In addition, for small forcing amplitude we find that the azimuthal dependence of the internal wave field is described by the functional form cos ϕ, as predicted by linear inviscid theory. At higher forcing amplitude, the internal wave energy is more concentrated in the forcing direction. Finally, we observe a wave intensity asymmetry in the polar direction and explain the asymmetry using a geometrical argument.