Ticks and associated pathogens in camels (Camelus dromedarius) from Riyadh Province, Saudi Arabia

Abdullah D Alanazi,Domenico Otranto,Ridolfi Donato,Viet Linh Nguyen,Mohamed S Alyousif,Jairo A Mendoza-Roldan,Filipe Dantas-Torres,Ranju R S Manoj,Alireza Sazmand,Abdulaziz S Alouffi

doi:10.1186/s13071-020-3973-y

Abstract

BackgroundCamel production in Saudi Arabia is severely affected by various diseases and by inadequate veterinary services. Ticks and tick-borne pathogens (TBPs) affect the health and wellbeing of camels consequently diminishing their productivity and performances. In addition, camels may act as hosts for TBPs (e.g. Anaplasma phagocytophilum) causing diseases in humans. The current study aimed to determine the prevalence of ixodid ticks and molecularly investigate the associated pathogens in camels from Saudi Arabia.MethodsBlood and tick samples were collected from camels (n = 170) in Riyad Province of Saudi Arabia. Ticks were morphologically identified, and blood of camels were molecularly screened for apicomplexan (i.e. Babesia spp., Theileria spp., Hepatozoon spp.) and rickettsial parasites (i.e. Ehrlichia spp. and Anaplasma spp.).ResultsOf the 170 camels examined, 116 (68.2%; 95% CI: 60.9–75.1%) were infested by ticks with a mean intensity of 2.53 (95% CI: 2.4–2.6). In total of 296 ticks collected, Hyalomma dromedarii was the most prevalent (76.4%), followed by Hyalomma impeltatum (23.3%) and Hyalomma excavatum (0.3%). Of the tested animals, 13 (7.6%; 95% CI: 4.3–12.8%) scored positive to at least one TBP, with Anaplasma platys (5.3%; 95% CI: 2.7–9.9%) being the most prevalent species, followed by Anaplasma phagocytophilum, Anaplasma sp., Ehrlichia canis and Hepatozoon canis (0.6% each; 95% CI: 0.04–3.4%). None of the camels were found to be co-infected with more than one pathogen. All samples tested negative for Babesia spp. and Theileria spp.ConclusionsThe present study reveals the occurrence of different tick species and TBPs in camels from Saudi Arabia. Importantly, these camels may carry A. phagocytophilum and A. platys, representing a potential risk to humans.

Highlights

IntroductionArabia is severely affected by various diseases and by inadequate veterinary services
Background Camel production in SaudiArabia is severely affected by various diseases and by inadequate veterinary services
13 (7.6%; 95% CI: 4.3–12.8) scored positive to at least one tick-borne pathogens (TBPs), with Anaplasma platys (5.3%; 95% CI: 2.7–9.9) being the most prevalent species, followed by Anaplasma phagocytophilum, Anaplasma sp., Ehrlichia canis and Hepatozoon canis (0.6% each; 95% CI: 0.04–3.4)

Summary

Introduction

Arabia is severely affected by various diseases and by inadequate veterinary services. Ticks and tick-borne pathogens (TBPs) represent a major threat to the health of camels affecting their productivity and performances. In addition to act as the vectors of pathogens, ticks affect the wellbeing of livestock directly through irritating bites, blood loss, damage to the skin and anorexia, leading to reduced growth [3]. Camel production is severely affected by various diseases, especially in the presence inadequate veterinary services [7]. Many endo- and ectoparasites affect their health, productivity and performance including ticks [7], with more than 20 ixodid species found to infest camels [8, 9]. Ticks of the genus Hyalomma are the most prevalent species [10, 11], which could act as vectors for Theileria spp. The role of Hyalomma spp. ticks as competent vectors of many of these pathogens is still uncertain

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