Abstract
Ticks are the most important ancient group of obligate blood-sucking ectoparasites of terrestrial vertebrates mainly of livestock. These small-sized animals are found in tropical and sub-tropical regions of the world. These act as vectors and transmit a wide range of protozoa, bacteria and viruses tick-borne diseases. These attach to host skin for blood-sucking and transmit disease pathogens through saliva. Ticks withdraw large volumes of blood from livestock and make them anemic and do significant weight loss. Ticks cause severe economic losses in livestock directly through blood-feeding and indirectly by transmitting protozoan, rickettsial and viral diseases This article highlights toxins/proteins secreted in tick saliva, and its important biological effects like anti-inflammatory, immunosuppressant peptide, and immunomodulatory and anti-chemokine activities. The present article clears host-pathogen interactions and invasion of a host by ticks, biological effects of tick saliva toxins and its host immune responses. These toxins could be used as immunoreactive proteins as a prerequisite for the development of specific and sensitive immunoassays for the determination of tick-borne illness. The authors suggest important management strategies for successful control of cattle, bird and canine ticks. This article also suggests tick control methods such as physical, chemical, hormonal and including prophylactic use of antibody and vaccine immune therapy.
Highlights
Ixodid ticks are arachnids, having a body length of 3 to 5 mm, belong to superorder Parasitiformes
The synthetic pyrethroid insecticide phenothrin is in combination with the hormone analogue methoprene topically applied to flea and ticks
Natural tick repellents are used for the cultural management of ticks
Summary
Ixodid ticks are arachnids, having a body length of 3 to 5 mm, belong to superorder Parasitiformes. Hyalomma and Ixodes ticks infest migratory birds in the European Mediterranean Islands: Capri and Antikythira These are responsible for spreading of spotted fever caused by Rickettsia species [48] Borrelia burgdorferi infection is common in horses while Borrelia miyamotoi in humans. Ehrlichia chaffeensis is a tick-transmitted obligate intracellular pathogenic bacterium, which causes human monocytic ehrlichiosis and putative host cell targets during infection [72] (table 2) The Lyme disease-causing organism, Borrelia burgdorferi is transmitted into the mammalian host by an infected-tick bite Lumpy skin disease (LSD). Common marmosets are susceptible to a number of bacterial infections, which may be exotic, causing sporadic but occasionally severe disease They secrete potential toxic molecules in the blood remains Ixodid ticks, in combination with bacterial transmission; induce a robust inflammatory response at the blood-feeding site. Lyme disease Rickettsial diseases Cowdriosis Anaplasmosis Indian tick typhus (ITT)
Sign-in/Register to view highlights & summary Talk to us
Join us for a 30 min session where you can share your feedback and ask us any queries you have
Schedule a callMore From: International Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences
Disclaimer: All third-party content on this website/platform is and will remain the property of their respective owners and is provided on "as is" basis without any warranties, express or implied. Use of third-party content does not indicate any affiliation, sponsorship with or endorsement by them. Any references to third-party content is to identify the corresponding services and shall be considered fair use under The CopyrightLaw.
