Abstract
Ticks are hematophagous ectoparasites that infest a diverse number of vertebrate hosts. The tick immunobiology plays a significant role in establishing and transmitting many pathogens to their hosts. To control tick infestations, the acaricide application is a commonly used method with severe environmental consequences and the selection of tick-resistant populations. With these drawbacks, new tick control methods need to be developed, and the immune system of ticks contains a plethora of potential candidates for vaccine design. Additionally, tick immunity is based on an orchestrated action of humoral and cellular immune responses. Therefore, the actors of these responses are the object of our study in this review since they are new targets in anti-tick vaccine design. We present their role in the immune response that positions them as feasible targets that can be blocked, inhibited, interfered with, and overexpressed, and then elucidate a new method to control tick infestations through the development of vaccines. We also propose Extracellular Traps Formation (ETosis) in ticks as a process to eliminate their natural enemies and those pathogens they transmit (vectorial capacity), which results attractive since they are a source of acting molecules with potential use as vaccines.
Highlights
Since recent years of the 20th century, the growing population in the world has demanded higher amounts of food
The ticks hematophagous condition generates an essential interaction between Tick-borne pathogens (TBPs), the vector, and the host
There are examples of some arthropods, where the immune system has been used as an alternative and/or strategy for the control of vectors and the pathogens they transmit
Summary
Since recent years of the 20th century, the growing population in the world has demanded higher amounts of food In this regard, beef cattle are a significant source of meat, constantly threatened by diseases transmitted by vectors. Ticks and tick-borne diseases (TBDs) are considered essential topics in the veterinary field [1] They limit livestock activities in tropical and subtropical regions affecting more than 80% of cattle around the world and generating an economic impact of 14–19 billion USD/year [2]. Since the first reports of resistance development of Rhipicephalus spp. to chemical compounds, this ability of ticks has evolved, and they are resistant to almost all the available acaricides [9,10] In this regard, the search for new tick control measures is a priority to cope with the adverse impacts of ticks and TBDs on cattle. The study of the tick immune system components demands a new and more integrative vision of the molecules that participates in a basic but evolutionarily well-adapted process
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