TICK-BORNE BACTERIAL PATHOGENS OF LIVESTOCK AND THEIR CONSEQUENCES

Abstract

In the modern world, ticks are considered to be second only to mosquitoes as a vector of various infectious diseases in livestock as well as in humans. Most tick species preferred suitable environmental conditions and typography that establish distribution and consequently increase the risk areas for different tick-borne diseases. They have a vectorial capacity to transmit and consider reservoirs of pathogens that cause direct damage to the host during blood-feeding and through the secretion of toxins present in the saliva of the animal. The main consequence of the tick primarily depends on the different pathogens they can transmit like bacteria, protozoa, viruses, and helminths. This review explains the various aspects of tick biology, vector competence, and tick microbiome identification, mainly focused on bacterial pathogens, techniques or methods used for their characterization, and different bacterial diseases associated with it, as well as pharmaceuticals used against ticks and ticks-borne pathogens.