Ti3AlC2 MAX Phase: A surprising candidate material for highly selective and efficient gold recovery from strong acid solutions

Abstract

Given the scarcity of natural gold sources and associated mining challenges, the recovery of gold from secondary sources, such as electronic equipment waste (e-waste), becomes imperative. E-waste is typically treated with aqua regia to obtain highly acidic gold-containing solutions, which are subsequently processed by various methods to recover gold. Gold recovery materials offer numerous benefits but often exhibit insufficient selectivity, efficiency, and cost-effectiveness. To address this problem, we herein used a nonmodified pristine Ti-Al-C MAX phase (Ti3AlC2) to realize the one-pot room-temperature recovery of gold from highly acidic solutions (pH < 1) in the form of easily collectable bulky ball-shaped Au0 aggregates. High gold selectivity (Kd = 2.03 × 106 mL/g) and extraction efficiency (∼99 %) were observed even in the presence of interfering metal ions (Pd2+, Pt4+, Co2+, Ni2+, Cu2+, Zn2+), and the maximum gold extraction capacity (>6000 mg/g) surpassed that of previously reported gold recovery materials. The recovered gold was highly pure (>90 mass%) and contained minimal amounts of the original MAX phase, which obviated the need for intensive postpurification. The results of instrumental analyses suggested that gold recovery relied on electron transfer, similar to cementation, and primarily involved the reduction of solution-phase Au3+ to Au0via electron transfer from the Ti and Al of Ti3AlC2. Thus, our work demonstrates the significant potential of pristine Ti3AlC2 for the energy-efficient recovery of gold from highly acidic solutions and paves the way for the efficient valorization of e-waste.