Thyroxine revisited

Abstract

The crystal structure of the common therapeutic agent, the pentahydrated sodium salt of L‐thyroxine hormone (3‐[4‐(4‐hydroxy‐3,5‐diiodophenoxy)‐3,5‐diiodophenyl]‐L‐alanine), has been determined and discussed in relation to the drug's stability. The stoichiometry and absolute configuration (−)‐C(8)S‐[C15H10I4NO4]− · Na+ · 5H2O have been confirmed. The crystals are built of a three‐dimensional supramolecular network with two symmetry‐independent L‐thyroxine anions, in two distinct conformations not previously reported, linked by strong NH−O hydrogen bonds into dimers. Two independent sodium cations are fivefold and sixfold coordinated. The cations and two independent water molecules not involved in coordinating the Na cations form sheets along the crystallographic (001) planes. The presence of differently coordinated cations and non‐coordinating water molecules may be responsible for water transport and loss, for decay of the crystals, and subsequent low stability of the drug. Only a conglomerate could be obtained when racemic sodium thyroxine was crystallized from ethanol and methanol solutions by evaporation, which explains the equal penta‐hydration of the sodium salts of enantiomorphic and racemic thyroxine, and the fact that there are no apparent differences in their stability. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc. and the American Pharmacists Association J Pharm Sci 93:3066–3075, 2004