Thyroid Ultrasound Texture Classification Using Autoregressive Features in Conjunction With Machine Learning Approaches

Prabal Poudel,Nazila Esmaeili,Michael Friebe,Elmer J G Ataide,Sathish Balakrishnan,Alfredo Illanes

doi:10.1109/access.2019.2923547

Prabal Poudel, Nazila Esmaeili + Show 4 more

Open Access

https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2019.2923547

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Abstract

The thyroid is one of the largest endocrine glands in the human body, which is involved in several body mechanisms like controlling protein synthesis, use of energy sources, and controlling the body's sensitivity to other hormones. Thyroid segmentation and volume reconstruction are hence essential to diagnose thyroid related diseases as most of these diseases involve a change in the shape and size of the thyroid over time. Classification of thyroid texture is the first step toward the segmentation of the thyroid. The classification of texture in thyroid Ultrasound (US) images is not an easy task as it suffers from low image contrast, presence of speckle noise, and non-homogeneous texture distribution inside the thyroid region. Hence, a robust algorithmic approach is required to accurately classify thyroid texture. In this paper, we propose three machine learning based approaches: Support Vector Machine; Artificial Neural Network; and Random Forest Classifier to classify thyroid texture. The computation of features for training these classifiers is based on a novel approach recently proposed by our team, where autoregressive modeling was applied on a signal version of the 2D thyroid US images to compute 30 spectral energy-based features for classifying the thyroid and non-thyroid textures. Our approach differs from the methods proposed in the literature as they use image-based features to characterize thyroid tissues. We obtained an accuracy of around 90% with all the three methods.

Highlights

The thyroid is a butterfly shaped gland, one of the largest endocrine glands in the body, located below Adam’s apple on the front of the neck
The second section will present how the features were computed from the texture patches which were used for training of the classifiers and the third section presents the thyroid texture classification approach using Support Vector Machine (SVM), Artificial Neural Network (ANN) and Random Forest Classifier (RFC)
To ensure there was no over-fitting while training of the classifiers, it was made sure that the training and testing processes did not involve images or texture patches from the same subjects

Summary

Introduction

The thyroid is a butterfly shaped gland, one of the largest endocrine glands in the body, located below Adam’s apple on the front of the neck It is involved in several body mechanisms such as controlling protein synthesis, use of energy sources and controlling the body’s sensitivity to other hormones. It is susceptible to many diseases like Graves’ (excessive production of thyroid hormones), subacute thyroiditis (inflammation of thyroid), thyroid cancer, goiter (thyroid swelling), etc [1]. In all of these cases, the size of the thyroid changes over time. It is essential to keep track of the thyroid size over time

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