Abstract
PurposeCOVID-19 (Coronavirus Disease 2019) was first reported in December 2019 and quickly swept across China and around the world. Levels of anxiety and depression were increased among pregnant women during this infectious pandemic. Thyroid function is altered during stressful experiences, and any abnormality during early pregnancy may significantly affect fetal development and pregnancy outcomes. This study aimed to determine whether the COVID-19 pandemic induces thyroid hormone changes in early pregnant women.MethodsThis study comprised two groups of pregnant women in Shanghai in their first trimester – those pregnant women before the COVID-19 outbreak from January 20, 2019, to March 31, 2019 (Group 1) and those pregnant during the COVID-19 outbreak from January 20, 2020, to March 31, 2020 (Group 2). All women were included if they had early pregnancy thyrotropin (TSH), free triiodothyronine (FT3), free thyroxine (FT4), total triiodothyronine (TT3), and total thyroxine (TT4) concentrations, thyroid peroxidase (TPO) antibody or thyroglobulin antibody (TgAb) available and did not have a history of thyroid diseases or received thyroid treatment before or during pregnancy. We used propensity score matching to form a cohort in which patients had similar baseline characteristics.ResultsAmong 3338 eligible pregnant women, 727 women in Group 1 and 727 in Group 2 had similar propensity scores and were included in the analyses. Pregnant women in Group 2 had significantly higher FT3 (5.7 vs. 5.2 pmol/L, P<0.001) and lower FT4 (12.8 vs. 13.2 pmol/L, P<0.001) concentrations compared with those in Group 1. Pregnant women in Group 2 were more likely to develop isolated hypothyroxinemia (11.6% vs. 6.9%, OR, 1.75 [95% CI, 1.20–2.53], P=0.003) than those in Group 1 but had a significantly lower risk of TgAb positivity (12.0% vs. 19.0%, OR, 0.58 [95% CI, 0.43–0.78], P<0.001).ConclusionPregnant women in their first trimester in Shanghai during the COVID-19 outbreak were at an increased risk of having higher FT3 concentrations, lower FT4 concentrations, and isolated hypothyroxinemia. The association between thyroid hormones, pregnancy outcomes, and the COVID-19 outbreak should be explored further.
Highlights
COVID-19 (Coronavirus Disease 2019), caused by SARS-Cov-2 (Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2) virus, is a highly infectious disease with a significant mortality rate and limited effective treatment [1]
This study found that women in early pregnancy who were exposed to the COVID-19 outbreak had a higher concentration of Free thyroxine 3 (FT3) and a lower concentration of Free thyroxine 4 (FT4) in comparison to those not exposed to this pandemic
We found an increased risk of isolated hypothyroxinemia and a lower risk of TgAb positivity among early pregnant women exposed to the COVID-19 outbreak who did not have any previous thyroid diseases after propensity score matching and adjusting for potential confounders, including maternal and paternal age and educational level, gravida status, maternal smoking and drinking status, maternal body mass index (BMI) and weeks gestational
Summary
COVID-19 (Coronavirus Disease 2019), caused by SARS-Cov-2 (Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2) virus, is a highly infectious disease with a significant mortality rate and limited effective treatment [1]. A recent cross-sectional study conducted in pregnant women during the COVID-19 pandemic found that half of the participants indicated that the COVID-19 outbreak had serious psychological effects, with twothirds reporting higher than normal levels of stress [9]. The negative psychological impact caused by COVID-19 was especially highlighted among women in their early pregnancies [9]. This kind of stress and anxiety may have a significant physiological impact on pregnant women
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