Abstract
BackgroundParkinson’s disease (PD) is a multifactorial movement disorder with the progressive degeneration of the nigrostriatal system that impairs patients’ movement ability. Oxidative stress has been found to affect the etiology and pathogenesis of PD. Thymol, a monoterpenic phenol, is one of the most important dietary constituents in thyme species. It has been used in traditional medicine and possesses some properties including antioxidant, free radical scavenging, anti-inflammatory. In this study, in vitro and in vivo experiments were performed with the thymol in order to investigate its potential neuroprotective effects in models of PD.MethodsThe present study aimed to evaluate the therapeutic potential of thymol in 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA)-induced cellular and animal models of PD. ResultsPost-treatment with thymol in vitro was found to protect PC12 cells from toxicity induced by 6-OHDA administration in a dose-dependent manner by (1) increasing cell viability and (2) reduction in intracellular reactive oxygen species, intracellular lipid peroxidation, and annexin-positive cells. In vivo, post-treatment with thymol was protective against neurodegenerative phenotypes associated with systemic administration of 6-OHDA. Results indicated that thymol improved the locomotor activity, catalepsy, akinesia, bradykinesia, and motor coordination and reduced the apomorphine-caused rotation in 6-OHDA-stimulated rats. Increased level of reduced glutathione content and a decreased level of MDA (malondialdehyde) in striatum were observed in the 6-OHDA rats post-treated with thymol.ConclusionsCollectively, our findings suggest that thymol exerts protective effects, possibly related to an anti-oxidation mechanism, in these in vitro and in vivo models of Parkinson’s disease.
Highlights
Parkinson’s disease (PD) is a multifactorial movement disorder with the progressive degeneration of the nigrostriatal system that impairs patients’ movement ability
The highest growth of PC12 cells was at 50 μM thymol
Our previous study showed that the viability reduced to half in the cells treated with 75 μM 6-OHDA, this concentration was used for the present in vitro experiments [37]
Summary
Parkinson’s disease (PD) is a multifactorial movement disorder with the progressive degeneration of the nigrostriatal system that impairs patients’ movement ability. A monoterpenic phenol, is one of the most important dietary constituents in thyme species It has been used in traditional medicine and possesses some properties including antioxidant, free radical scavenging, anti-inflammatory. The Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approved drugs have been mostly found with limited efficacy in controlling PD symptoms like changes in movement capabilities [16]. To overcome such issues, medicinal plants hold promise for preventing the disease, and current evidence indicates that products of plant origin carry neuroprotective effects [17,18,19]
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