Thymidine and 2′-deoxyuridine reduce microglial activation and improve oxidative stress damage by modulating glycolytic metabolism on the Aβ25-35-induced brain injury

Abstract

Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a progressive disease with a long duration and complicated pathogenesis. Thymidine (Thy) and 2′-deoxyuridine (2′-De) are pyrimidines nucleotides that are associated with nervous system diseases. However, it remains unclear whether Thy and 2′-De exert neuroprotective effects in AD. Therefore, this study was conducted to explore the interventional effects and mechanisms of Thy and 2′-De on the Aβ25-35-induced brain injury. Donepezil (Do, 10 mg/kg/d), Thy (20 mg/kg/d), and 2′-De (20 mg/kg/d) were administered for 4 weeks after the injection of Aβ25-35 peptides (200 μM, i.c.v.) to mice. UPLC-MS/MS method was performed to quantify Thy and 2′-De in the hippocampus of mice brain. The cognition ability, neuronal and mitochondria damage, and levels of Aβ1-42/Aβ1-40, p-Tau, Na+ K+-ATPase, apoptosis, oxidative stress, immune cells, and Iba 1+ were measured in Aβ25-35-induced mice. The oxygen consumption (OCR) and extracellular acidification rate (ECAR) were measured using a seahorse analyzer in Aβ25-35-induced N9 cells. Moreover, 2-Deoxy-D-glucose (2-DG), a glycolysis inhibitor, was added to explore the mechanisms underlying the effects of Thy and 2′-De on Aβ25-35-induced N9 cells. The expression of Iba 1+ and levels of CD11b+ and reactive oxygen species (ROS) were measured after treatment with Thy (5 μM) and 2′-De (10 μM) against 2-DG (5 mM) in Aβ25-35-induced N9 cells. The results suggested that Do, Thy, and 2′-De improved the cognition ability, attenuated the damage to hippocampus and mitochondria, downregulated the levels of Aβ1-42/Aβ1-40, p-Tau, Na+ K+-ATPase, apoptosis, oxidative stress, and Iba 1+, and regulated the immune response induced by Aβ25-35 against the brain injury. Furthermore, Do, Thy, and 2′-De increased ATP production and inhibited glycolysis in Aβ25-35-induced N9 cells. Moreover, 2-DG enhanced the effects of drugs, reduced microglial activation, and attenuated oxidative stress to interfere with Aβ25-35-induced N9 cells. In conclusion, Thy and 2′-De reduced microglial activation and improved oxidative stress damage by modulating glycolytic metabolism on the Aβ25-35-induced brain injury.