Abstract
SUMMARY 1. The throwing act may be associated with clinically significant symptoms and pathologic joint changes. 2. Insight into some of these lesions may be gained by an understanding of the basic act of throwing. 3. Two basic pathologic mechanisms seem apparent within the pitching act. 4. Violent rotational forces are present on the shoulder and proximal humerus as the arm is whipped from extreme external humeral rotation and internal rotation. 5. Medial elbow stress develops secondary to the valgus stress of the pitching act and may result in permanent joint changes.
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