Abstract
Noble metal-based nanomaterials (NMNs), such as platinum nanoparticles (Pt@NPs) and palladium nanoparticles (Pd@NPs), are increasingly being used as antibacterial agents. However, little information is available on bacterial resistance to NMNs. In this study, owing to their oxidase-like and peroxidase-like properties, both Pt@NPs and Pd@NPs induce reactive oxygen species (ROS) and manifest antibacterial activities: 6.25μg/mL of either Pt@NPs or Pd@NPs killed >50% of Staphylococcus aureus strain ATCC29213. However, Pseudomonas aeruginosa strain PAO1 completely resisted 12.5μg/mL of Pt@NPs and 6.25μg/mL of Pd@NPs. Compared to the non-NMN groups, these NMNs promoted 2-3-fold upregulation of the quorum sensing (QS) gene lasR in strain PAO1. In fact, the lasR gene upregulation induced a 1.5-fold reduction in ROS production and increased biofilm formation by 11% (Pt@NPs) and 27% (Pd@NPs) in strain PAO1. The ΔlasR mutants (lasR gene knock out in strain PAO1), became sensitive to NMNs. The survival rates of ΔlasR mutants at 12.5μg/mL Pt@NPs and Pd@NPs treatments were only 77% and 58%, respectively. This is the first report indicating that bacteria can resist NMNs through QS. Based on these results, evaluation of the ecological risks of using NMNs as antibacterial agents is necessary.
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