Thrombotic burden, D-dimer levels and complete compression ultrasound for diagnosis of acute symptomatic deep vein thrombosis of the lower limbs

Abstract

BackgroundDiagnostic algorithms for deep vein thrombosis (DVT) include D-dimer for its high negative predictive value, thus reducing the need for imaging. Small thrombi may be associated with low D-dimer levels, increasing false negatives. AimTo assess the sensitivity and thus the false negative rates of standard and age-adjusted D-dimer cut offs for isolated distal DVT (IDDVT) in outpatients. Materials and methodsWe enrolled consecutive outpatients with suspected DVT of the lower limbs referring to our vascular emergency department from 2009 to 2018. Patients underwent D-dimer testing (STA, Stago, cut-off: 500 μg/L), pretest clinical probability (PTP) evaluation and complete compression ultrasonography. Follow-up was 3 months. ResultsAmong 3948 patients (M:1554–39%, median age 69), 486 proximal DVTs (12.3%) and 348 IDDVTs (8.8%) were diagnosed. Median D-dimer was higher in proximal than IDDVT (3960 vs 1400 μgr/L; p = 0.001). The false negative rate of the standard D-dimer cut-off was 2% (95%CI: 0.8–3.2%) for proximal DVT and 14.7% (95% CI: 11–81%) for IDDVT. The false negative rate of the age-adjusted cut-off was 4.9% (3–7%) for proximal DVT and 19.5% (95% CI: 15.4–24.7%) for IDDVT. Conclusions: Small calf thrombi are associated with low D-dimer levels, and age-adjusted D-dimer may be below the cut-off more frequently in subjects with IDDVT than standard cut-off D-dimer, although such D-dimer levels might exclude IDDVT that require treatment.