Thrombi in acute coronary syndromes : revisited and revised.

Abstract

Over the past 35 years, the view has evolved that the acute coronary syndromes, ie, unstable angina pectoris, myocardial infarction, and sudden death, are caused by plaque rupture and formation of a platelet thrombus. There is at least a transient total or subtotal coronary occlusion in all cases of acute myocardial infarction. Q-wave infarcts are thought to differ from non–Q-wave infarcts by more stable platelet thrombi causing more prolonged and/or severe ischemia, leading to more extensive infarction. The greater platelet stability in transmural infarction is attributed to more severe or extensive plaque rupture.1 2 3 Unstable angina and non–Q-wave infarction, in the present view, are due to less extensive, less stable platelet thrombi that cause less severe, less extensive ischemia and/or infarction. However, autopsy data and more recent clinical findings require significant refinement of this viewpoint on the basis of the following observations. The occlusive thrombi causing Q-wave myocardial infarction contain more fibrin than the thrombi found in the other acute coronary syndromes that are characterized by more platelets and less fibrin. The higher fibrin content of thrombi causing Q-wave infarction explains their greater stability. Furthermore, this higher fibrin content suggests that the coagulation cascade is activated to a greater degree during Q-wave infarction than during non–Q-wave infarction in which platelets play a more dominant role. This review analyzes our evolving concepts focusing on the growing divergence of the different mechanisms underlying the different acute coronary syndromes and their clinical and therapeutic implications. By the mid-1930s, acute myocardial infarction was shown to be caused by coronary thrombosis resulting from intimal fissuring, which is often associated with dissecting hemorrhage into the underlying plaque.4 5 6 7 In the late 1930s, however, intimal fissuring was questioned and subendothelial hemorrhages were ascribed to rupture of capillaries within the plaque.8 9 …