Abstract
Objective: The objective of this research is to evaluate whether Malaysia, the Philippines, and Viet Nam are within the doughnut economy from 2010 to 2019 using the sustainability window approach and to compare their levels of development. Theoretical Framework: This study is based on the Doughnut Economics Framework by Kate Raworth. This study explores literature that shows the relationship between economic well-being, social well-being, and environmental well-being. Method: The methodology used in evaluating these countries’ adherence to environmental and social well-being criteria is the Sustainable Window Analysis by quantifying the maximum and minimum economic development required for social and environmental sustainability by integrating socio-economic and environmental indicators to assess compliance with Doughnut Economics' social foundations and planetary boundaries. Results and Discussion: Results indicate that Malaysia achieved the sustainable window for all indicators except for healthy life and greenhouse gases. Viet Nam failed regarding healthy life, biodiversity, and clean energy. The Philippines failed in all environmental well-being indicators except for land use. Research Implications: These findings apply to policy-making by targeting areas that could not meet the sustainable window. It also reveals the applicability of the Doughnut Model to developing countries in ASEAN. Originality/Value: This study contributes to the literature by filling literature gaps by providing significant results to future researchers planning to conduct future research in line with sustainable development and Doughnut Economics of a particular country of their choice.
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