Abstract
The Vs-based chart developed by Andrus and Stokoe (2000) becomes less conservative when a constant cyclic shear strain, γc, is used for liquefaction triggering (Dobry et al. 2015), where Vs = shear wave velocity. Specifically, natural silty sands in the Imperial Valley of California, heavily preshaken by earthquakes, have a triggering resistance for a given normalized Vs significantly higher than uncompacted clean and silty sand fills. A higher γc is required for triggering in the natural sands than in the fills (0.1–0.2% versus 0.03%). Dobry et al. (2015) reached this conclusion within the usual liquefaction chart format, plotting CSR 1⁄4 τ c=σ 0 v0 1⁄4 0.65ðamax=gÞðσv0=σ 0 v0Þrd versus normalized shear wave velocity, Vs1 1⁄4 Vsð100=σ 0 v0Þ (σ 0 v0 in kPa). The next logical step would be to plot γc directly versus Vs1. However, using γc is not practical for several reasons. The authors propose instead use of the threshold load factor (TLF)
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