Abstract
FKBP5 gene–environment interaction (cG × E) studies have shown diverse results, some indicating significant interaction effects between the gene and environmental stressors on depression, while others lack such results. Moreover, FKBP5 has a potential role in the diathesis stress and differential susceptibility theorem. The aim of the present study was to evaluate whether a cG × E interaction effect of FKBP5 single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) or haplotype and early life stress (ELS) on depressive symptoms among young adults was moderated by a positive parenting style (PASCQpos), through the frameworks of the diathesis stress and differential susceptibility theorem. Data were obtained from the Survey of Adolescent Life in Västmanland Cohort Study, including 1006 participants and their guardians. Data were collected during 2012, when the participants were 13 and 15 years old (Wave I: DNA), 2015, when participants were 16 and 18 years old (Wave II: PASCQpos, depressive symptomology and ELS) and 2018, when participants were 19 and 21 years old (Wave III: depressive symptomology). Significant three-way interactions were found for the FKBP5 SNPs rs1360780, rs4713916, rs7748266 and rs9394309, moderated by ELS and PASCQpos, on depressive symptoms among young adults. Diathesis stress patterns of interaction were observed for the FKBP5 SNPs rs1360780, rs4713916 and rs9394309, and differential susceptibility patterns of interaction were observed for the FKBP5 SNP rs7748266. Findings emphasize the possible role of FKBP5 in the development of depressive symptoms among young adults and contribute to the understanding of possible differential susceptibility effects of FKBP5.
Highlights
The genesis of depression emerges from various factors, such as genetic predisposition and the environment (Sullivan et al 2000), and seems to vary across age groups (KaufmanThe family environment is a contributing factor to the onset and maintenance of mood disorders, a linkage that has been recognized since the 1980s (Burbach and Borduin 1986; Gerlsma et al 1990; Gorostiaga et al 2019)
The aim of the present study was to evaluate whether a cG × E interaction effect of FK506binding protein 51 (FKBP5) single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) or haplotype and early life stress (ELS) on depressive symptoms among young adults was moderated by a positive parenting style, through the frameworks of the diathesis stress theory and differential susceptibility hypothesis
The study variables ELS, PASCQpos, the FKBP5 SNPs and the haplotype were first tested as unconditional main effects on depressive symptoms in multivariate linear regression models
Summary
The genesis of depression emerges from various factors, such as genetic predisposition and the environment (Sullivan et al 2000), and seems to vary across age groups (KaufmanThe family environment is a contributing factor to the onset and maintenance of mood disorders, a linkage that has been recognized since the 1980s (Burbach and Borduin 1986; Gerlsma et al 1990; Gorostiaga et al 2019). Schwartz et al (2017) suggest that adolescent depression may be predicted by parenting in three ways: as a direct effect, mediated by biopsychosocial factors, or as a moderator of the. Schwartz et al (2017) reported that adolescents with parents who expressed higher levels of aggression, lower levels of positivity or responded in negative terms towards their children’s behaviours were at greater risk for the development of depression. Positive parenting or a lack thereof has been associated with the onset of major depressive disorder during adolescence (Chen et al 2009; Schwartz et al 2014). Even though the effects of parenting style seem to have a moderate effect on depression, parenting style might be beneficial to the well-being of adolescents (Gorostiaga et al 2019)
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