Three-Phase Traffic Flow Models

Abstract

The first microscopic three-phase traffic flow model that can reproduce empirical features of traffic breakdown and resulting spatiotemporal congested patterns was developed by Kerner and Klenov in 2002 [1]. Some months later, Kerner, Klenov, and Wolf developed a cellular automata (CA) three-phase traffic flow model (KKW CA model) [2]. Later other traffic flow models in the framework of three-phase traffic theory have been developed: Davis [3] as well as Kerner and Klenov [4] have proposed different three-phase microscopic deterministic models; Jiang andWu [5], Lee et al. [6], and Gao et al. [7] have developed various CA three-phase traffic flow models; Laval [8] and Hoogendoorn et al. [9] have developed macroscopic three-phase traffic flow models.