Three-dimensional stereophotogrammetry as an accurate tool for analyzing lymphedema of the hand

Abstract

BackgroundLymphedema of the upper extremity is a frequently observed manifestation following breast cancer surgery. Three-dimensional (3D) stereophotogrammetry is a reliable technique that is used in clinical practice, for example, in volume measurements. This study aimed to investigate if 3D imaging can be used as a reproducible and useful tool for qualifying and quantifying lymphedema of the hand. MethodsA total of 18 patients with unilateral lymphedema of the hand (mean age 56.5 years, 5 left- and 10 right-sided edema) were included. Three-dimensional (3D) photographs of both hands of each individual were captured, and volumes were calculated using 3D computer software programs. The 3D images of the lymphedema hand were compared with the images of the normal unaffected hand in the same patient. The resulting volume difference was linked with the patients' self-reported discomfort. In addition, the normal variance in hand volume was calculated in 15 healthy subjects. ResultsAfter analyzing the hand volumes of all patients with lymphedema, a significantly larger volume was found on the affected side compared with the normal hand of the patients with self-reported discomfort. This difference was larger than that between both the healthy hands of the control subjects. ConclusionsThis pilot study shows that 3D photography is a reproducible and useful tool in volume measurements of edematous hands. Changes in hand volume can be easily detected, thus creating an opportunity for the timely initiation of treatment options and simplifying the follow-up process.