Three-dimensional Solution Structure of the Calcium Channel Antagonist ω-Agatoxin IVA: Consensus Molecular Folding of Calcium Channel Blockers

Abstract

The three-dimensional solution structure of ω-agatoxin IVA, which is a specific blocker of the P-type calcium channel isolated from funnel web spider venom and has a molecular mass of 5.2 kDa, was determined by two dimensional 1H NMR spectroscopy, combined with simulated annealing calculations. On the basis of 563 experimental constraints, including 516 distance constraints obtained from the nuclear Overhauser effect, 21 torsion angle (φ,χ 1) constraints, and 26 constraints associated with hydrogen bonds and disulfide bonds, a total of 14 converged structures were obtained. The atomic root mean square difference for the 14 converged structures with respect to the mean coordinates is 0.42 (±0.07) Å for the backbone atoms (N, C α, C) and 0.95 (±0.15) Å for all heavy atoms of the central part (residues 4 to 38) constrained by four disulfide bonds. The N- and C-terminal segments (residues 1 to 3 and 39 to 48, respectively) have a disordered structure in aqueous solution. The molecular structure of ω-agatoxin IVA is composed of a short triple-stranded antiparallel β-sheet, three loops, and the disordered N- and C-terminal segments. The overall β-sheet topology is +2x, 1, which is the same as that reported for ω-conotoxin GVIA, an N-type calcium channel blocker. Irrespective of differences in the number of disulfide bonds and low primary sequence homology, these two peptide toxins show a significant structural similarity in three dimensions. The whole-cell voltage-clamp recording using rat cerebellar slices suggests that the hydrophobic C-terminal segment of ω-agatoxin IVA, which does not exist in ω-conotoxin GVIA, plays a crucial role in the blocking action of ω-agatoxin IVA on the P-type calcium channel in rat cerebellar Purkinje cells. The present study provides a molecular basis for the toxin–channel interaction, and thereby provides insight into the discrimination of different subtypes of calcium channels. f2 f2 Abbreviations used: ω-Aga-IVA, ω-agatovin IVA; ω-Aga-IVB, ω-agatovin IVB; ω-CTX-GVIA, ω-conotoxin GVIA; ESI-MS, electrospray ionization mass spectrometry; Fmoc, 9-fluorenylmethoxycarbonyl; HPLC, high performance liquid chromatography; NMR, nuclear magnetic resonance; NOE, nuclear Overhauser effect; p.p.m., parts per million; RMS, root mean square; RMSD, root-mean-square deviation; TFA, trifluoroacetic acid; DQF-COSY, double-quantum-filtered correlated spectroscopy; HOHAHA, homonuclear Hartmann-Hahn, ω-Aga-IIIA, ω-agatoxin IIIA; ACSF, artificial cerebrospinal fluid; EGTA, ethylene glycol bis (β-aminoethyl ether)- N,N,N′,N′-tetraacetic acid; PE-COSY, primitive exclusive COSY; TPPI, time-proportional phase incrementation.