Three-dimensional printed model reconstruction in intraoperative use for glass penetrating facial tissue removal.

Abstract

In the anatomically complex terrain of the head and neck, the use of 3D intraoperative models serves as an effective verification tool, determining the size, shape, and number of foreign bodies. This allows the main operator to maximize their capacities for careful wound revision and receive real-time information about the remaining content of the sought-after bodies. Penetrating foreign bodies of various origins in the head and neck are uncommon, but potentially hazardous injuries. Complete removal of foreign bodies from soft tissues is essential for optimal healing, minimizing complications, and significantly reducing the risk of the need for reoperation. Despite various technological systems and safeguards available, unintentionally retained surgically placed foreign bodies remain difficult to eliminate completely. A 34-year-old female patient with a cut on the right side of her face who was initially treated with sutures at a general surgical clinic presented for a follow-up examination. A foreign body was verified subcutaneously on the anterior-posterior x-ray image on the right side. Computed tomography confirmed a total of 7 foreign bodies with a density corresponding to dental enamel, distributed subcutaneously, subfascially, and intramuscularly in the right temporal region. As part of the preoperative preparation and analysis, the bone segment of the right temporal fossa with the zygomatic bone and the glass fragments were segmented from the CT data and printed on an SLA printer. The physical 3D models were autoclave sterilized and present during surgery. The position, shape, and number of each individual glass fragment was compared with 3D-printed one. The benefits of producing 3D models of foreign bodies are undeniable, particularly in their perioperative comparison with the removed foreign bodies from wounds.