Abstract
The detrimental effects of high horizontal stress on United Kingdom coal mine tunnel stability are widely recognized. Significant increase in tunnel deformation is encountered when excavations are driven perpendicular to the maximum horizontal principal stress direction. Tunnels driven at an angle to the in-situ stress field suffer asymmetrical deformation, with pronounced observed stress effects that require additional reinforcement for stability. Three-dimensional modeling using FLAC3D , incorporating an elastic-brittle-plastic failure criterion, sequential or multi-stepped tunnel advance and sequential installation of roof bolts, has provided a better representation of the ‘stress path’ for typical tunnel advance analysis. The modeled results provide realistic simulation of tunnel deformation both at the face-end and at distance behind the face. To aid interpretation and visualization the results have been viewed interactively in a web browser using VRML. This facilitates greater spatial awareness and allows presentation of additional data that would otherwise be hidden in a more conventional plane section view.
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