Abstract
Wide-angle scalar beam propagation methods (BPMs) for effective modelling of optical propagation in three-dimensional (3D) waveguides are usually limited to the low-order-accurate Padé(1,1) approximant. Presented is a 3D wide-angle scalar BPM based on higher-order Padé approximant operators which is factored into a series of simpler first-order Padé(1,1) approximants. This results in a multistep method where each step can be cast in terms of a 2D Helmholtz equation with source term, which can be treated accurately and effectively by the new complex Jacobi iterative technique.
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