Three‐dimensional cut‐cell modelling for high‐resolution atmospheric simulations

Abstract

Owing to the recent rapid development of computer technology, the resolution of atmospheric numerical models has increased substantially. With the use of next‐generation supercomputers, atmospheric simulations using horizontal grid intervals of (100) m or less will gain popularity. At such high resolution, more of the steep gradients in mountainous terrain will be resolved, which may result in large truncation errors in those models using terrain‐following coordinates. In this study, a new three‐dimensional (3D) Cartesian coordinate non‐hydrostatic atmospheric model is developed. A cut‐cell representation of topography based on finite‐volume discretization is combined with a cell‐merging approach, in which small cut cells are merged with neighbouring cells either vertically or horizontally. In addition, a block‐structured mesh‐refinement technique is introduced to achieve a variable resolution on the model grid, with the finest resolution occurring close to the terrain surface. The model successfully reproduces a flow over a 3D bell‐shaped hill that shows a good agreement with the flow predicted by the linear theory. The ability of the model to simulate flows over steep terrain is demonstrated using a hemisphere‐shaped hill. The advantage of a locally refined grid around the hill, with cut cells at the terrain surface, is also demonstrated. The model reproduces smooth mountain waves propagating over varying grid resolution without introducing large errors associated with the change of mesh resolution. At the same time, the model shows a good scalability on the locally refined grid.