Three-Dimensional Coverage Optimization of Underwater Nodes Under Multiconstraints Combined With Water Flow

Abstract

Underwater nodes are prone to drift under the water flow action, which makes the topological structure of underwater wireless sensor networks (UWSNs) have great uncertainty. It is bound to bring about the occurrence of node nonuniform distribution over time. Given the obstacles and boundaries constrained areas, the intention of this article is to redeploy the drifted underwater nodes for regaining higher coverage rate. Hence, we propose a 3-D virtual force coverage algorithm (3D-VFCA). Inspired by the physical water flow action, the position evolution model of drifted underwater nodes is derived under the continuous gravity, buoyancy, propulsion, and resistance forces, which can reveal the mechanism of UWSNs deformation and coverage holes caused by the underwater node drift. Then, the coverage problem of dense and sparse node distributions is transformed into the optimization problem of weighted distance between node positions and clustering centers in the precoverage process, which can reduce large moving distances caused by node blind movements and solve the problem of inaccurate clustering centers caused by outliers. Furthermore, the improved virtual force algorithm is designed in consideration of underwater nodes, obstacles, and boundaries, which can drive the precovered underwater nodes to more optimal positions based on the adaptive moving distance per step. Finally, coverage performance evaluations of drifted underwater nodes are performed under different coverage algorithms, node numbers, and obstacles. The experimental results indicate that the proposed 3D-VFCA can improve the coverage rates in UWSNs.