Three-Dimensional (3D) Visualization and Two-Dimensional (2D) Second Law Analysis of Magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) Free Convection Inside Cubical Enclosure Packed with Hybrid Nanofluid Containing a Circular Heating Cylinder: Effect of Inclined Magnetic Field

Abstract

In the present work, an irreversibility analysis of three- (3D) and two-dimensional (2D) magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) free convection inside cubical enclosure packed with hybrid water nanofluid (alumina, titanium dioxide and copper) is carried out. The discretization of the momentum and energy equations is done by employment of finite volume approach with SIMPLE algorithm. The effect of inclined magnetic on the heat transfer rate and various entropy types is investigated. All numerical tests are obtained for various Rayleigh numbers 103 ≤ Ra ≤ 106, Hartman numbers 0 ≤ Ha ≤ 45, hybrid nanoparticles percentage 0 ≤ φ % ≤ 5%, and the magnetic field angle 0 ≤ α≤90°. The Bejan number is used in this study to show the entropy type dominant. The first part of this study is about showing a three-dimensional shape of the particles trajectory, isotherms, local Bejan number and different local entropy types; then the second part is limited to a two-dimensional study of all physical quantities. As main results, it is demonstrated that the rate of heat transfer and entropy creation are significantly improved by changing the Rayleigh number, Hartmann number and the magnetic field angle. Moreover, it is also found that the effect of increasing the volume fraction of hybrid nanoparticles can be optimized to get good enhancement of heat transfer rate.