Abstract
Notwithstanding its relatively recent discovery, graphene has gone through many evolution steps and inspired a multitude of applications in many fields, from electronics to life science. The recent advancements in graphene production and patterning, and the inclusion of two-dimensional (2D) graphenic materials in three-dimensional (3D) superstructures, further extended the number of potential applications. In this Review, we focus on laser-induced graphene (LIG), an intriguing 3D porous graphenic material produced by direct laser scribing of carbonaceous precursors, and on its applications in chemical sensors and biosensors. LIG can be shaped in different 3D forms with a high surface-to-volume ratio, which is a valuable characteristic for sensors that typically rely on phenomena occurring at surfaces and interfaces. Herein, an overview of LIG, including synthesis from various precursors, structure, and characteristic properties, is first provided. The discussion focuses especially on transport and surface properties, and on how these can be controlled by tuning the laser processing. Progresses and trends in LIG-based chemical sensors are then reviewed, discussing the various transduction mechanisms and different LIG functionalization procedures for chemical sensing. A comparative evaluation of sensors performance is then provided. Finally, sensors for glucose detection are reviewed in more detail, since they represent the vast majority of LIG-based chemical sensors.
Highlights
Graphene is a carbon allotrope that, since its discovery in 2004, has aroused rapidly growing interest for possible applications in many fields.[1]
The main application of glucose sensors is the monitoring of glucose levels in blood or other biofluids collected from diabetic patients
The enzymatic laser-induced graphene (LIG) sensors present values of sensitivity, range of lineary, and LOD close or superior to the non-LIG counterpart.[94]. These results can be explained taking into account the high surface of LIG, which grants high current densities for electrochemical sensing
Summary
Graphene is a carbon allotrope that, since its discovery in 2004, has aroused rapidly growing interest for possible applications in many fields.[1]. An advantage of this method is the high mechanical stability of the composite, as required in strain sensor application, but covering part of the LIG surface area with the elastomer adversely influences the performance as sensing electrodes Another method utilizes a sticky surface to transfer LIG onto different polymer substrates.[20,64] The laser-scribed PI is brought in contact with the surface of a polymer carrier coated with an adhesive, and a certain pressure is applied. In chemical sensing, such a platform could provide novelties in compatibility, use, and disposal in the environment and even the functionalization of living plants
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