Abstract
Emerging models of major depression posit contributions from three major functional networks in the brain: a 'salience network' associated with cognitive control, a 'reward network' associated with positive valence systems, and a 'nonreward network' associated with negative valence systems. Each of these networks is potentially accessible as a target for therapeutic non-invasive brain stimulation via rTMS for the treatment of depression. Here we will review evidence for antidepressant effects of brain stimulation at each of these three networks using DMPFC, DLPFC, and OFC rTMS, as well as clinical characteristics of responders and nonresponders to stimulation at each of the three targets. Potentially viable neuroimaging, EEG, and clinical biomarkers for predicting the likelihood of successful treatment at each of the three stimulation sites will be reviewed. Studies using such biomarkers prospectively to optimize the target of stimulation will also be reviewed, with the ultimate goal of improving remission rates for brain stimulation treatments in refractory cases of major depression.
Published Version
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