Three-Stage Breathing Effort Quantification for Obstructive Sleep Apnea Detection Based on Thoracic and Abdominal Movement Signals

Abstract

A level-IV home-based sleep apnea monitoring system that utilizes alternative sensors, such as dual respiratory inductance plethysmography (RIP) belts, is proposed to promote routine apnea monitoring. Notably, continued excursion may occur in RIP belt signals, owing to the imperfect relationship between thoracic and abdominal movements during obstructive events. Therefore, we propose a novel algorithm to detect obstructive apnea based on an obstructive reciprocal divergence (ORD) continued excursion model and to explore the possibility of a multistage breathing-effort evaluation model using only RIP signals. Using the developed approach, we detected obstructive sleep apnea with a high accuracy of 99.83 ± 0.71% and a slight reduction of 73.34 ± 28.35% in hypopnea performance with overall combined objective metrics of 89.38 ± 10.53%. We found that introducing many stages improves specificity (p $\text{R}^{2}=0.98$ ; p < 0.001). The proposed approach can assist sleep technologists in characterizing obstructive and nonobstructive apneic events. Moreover, ORD is competent for further quantitative and qualitative IFL analysis and will significantly benefit the automated IFL detection system studies.