Abstract
Just after the big bang, there was one force. As the universe cooled, it split into the four forces of today's universe: gravity, the weak and strong nuclear forces and electromagnetism. To explain that, physicists have long been searching for a grand unified theory that combines everything except gravity into one force. Now, a new idea does just that, but without predictions that had jinxed earlier attempts. Particle colliders have shown that electromagnetism and the weak nuclear force become one electroweak force at energies of about 100 gigaelectronvolts (GeV). This takes us to about a trillionth of a second after the big bang.
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