Abstract
Three models of phonation are described, one at the acoustic level, one at the kinematic level, and one at the biomechanic level. The models all feed the same vocal tract, which is the partial wave (Kelly‐Lochbaum) transmission‐line analog. The first source model is noninteractive with the vocal tract, the glottal pulse being computed by formula [Titze, J. Acoust. Soc. Am. Suppl. 1 68, S71 (1980)]. The second model is interactive in terms of the flow, but specifies vocal fold movement using a formula [Titze, J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 75, 570 (1984)]. The third is interactive in terms of flow and tissue movement, i.e., it self‐oscillates. Comparisons are drawn between the three models in terms of quality of sound produced, input parameters specified, and nonauditory outputs derived. Vocal tract area input to the models has recently been modified to be compatible with the Haskins articulatory synthesizer (companion paper in this session), so that sentence‐length utterances can be produced.
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