Three-Level Supply Chain considering Direct and Indirect Transportation Cost and Carbon Emissions

Abstract

Managing sustainable supply chains has become a challenge for most industries primarily because environmental, social, and economic aspects must be taken into account, and the difficulty in satisfying customer demands for sustainability and environmental protection has been increasing globally, making sustainability the focus of numerous studies on green supply chains. Previous studies are usually only applicable to a specific product supply chain. Therefore, this paper review model that focuses on a general three-level supply chain considering direct and indirect transport and industrial carbon emissions and costs. Specifically, the model involves joint economic lot sizing considering a single set-up-multiple-delivery (SSMD) policy.