Three Generations of Particles Are Necessary for Our Universe as Well as the Next Level of Matter

Vladimir Burdyuzha

doi:10.4236/jmp.2014.517191

Abstract

Important problems of physics and cosmology may be decided if quarks, leptons and gauge bosons are composite particles. Dark matter from familons, existence of three generations of particles, existence of distinguished scales in the Universe, and fractal distribution of baryon structures are natural phenomenon in the preon model of elementary particles. The origin of the scale hierarchy in the baryon component is clarified because of this component owing to gravitation repeated dark matter structuring. In dark matter phase transitions were on different z.

Highlights

We have not a good explanation why in the Standard model three generations of particles with the same properties take place
Structuring of dark matter and the consequent structuring of the baryon component of our Universe produced of particles that originated if one considers the horizontal symmetry among generations
In the preon model of elementary particles the fractality in the distribution of material components of the Universe is a natural phenomenon caused by phase transitions [4]

Summary

Introduction

We have not a good explanation why in the Standard model three generations of particles with the same properties take place. In the preon model of elementary particles the fractality in the distribution of material components of the Universe is a natural phenomenon caused by phase transitions [4]. In the standard cosmological model, one of the DM components is light perfect gas particles with masses m 10−5 eV , practically not interacting with the particles of usual matter Familons in our case (familons are a kind of axions), at a certain stage of the Universe evolution, as a result of relativistic phase transitions, lost their residual U(1) symmetry and formed a large-scale structure of dark matter, i.e., prepared the medium for baryon condensation. The dark matter particles, “homogeneously” filling space, in a result of phase transitions formed a certain structure, which we call, in the case of baryons, the large-scale structure of the Universe. This process completes when all (or almost all) the energy of the classical scalar field φ transfers to the thermal energy of elementary particles [10]

The Preon Structures of Particles

A General Discussion and Structure of the Preon Vacuum

Thermodynamics of a Phase Transition

Summary