Abstract
Dukes' initial staging system for rectal cancer is described in his paper ( J Pathol Bacteriol 1932; 35:323-332). Later, Dukes divided his original stage C (lymph node involvement) into two parts, Cl and C2 ( Br J Surg 1935;23:395-413). Subsequently, R. S. Grinnell, MD ( Ann Surg 1939;109:500-533) demonstrated that Dukes' system could also be applied to colon cancer. Thus, the Dukes staging system is as follows: Stage A: Carcinoma limited to the wall of the rectum or colon; no extension beyond the wall; no lymph node involvement. Stage B: Carcinoma extending to extrarectal tissues or beyond the wall of the colon by direct continuity; negative lymph nodes. Stage Cl: Only regional lymph nodes involved or lymph nodes below the high point of the resection of the mesenteric blood vessels. Stage C2: Lymph nodes involved at the high point of the resection of the mesenteric blood vessels. In 1949, J. W. Kirklin, MD,
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