Abstract
This study attempted to break limitations of traditional dimensions of labor, as pronounced in the physical and emotional labor, and propose a third dimension of cognitive labor. Evaluators estimated the tendency of the three types of labor in references of episodes, which illustrate various occupations such as professorship for cognitive labor, service-work for emotional labor, and construction-work for physical labor. The three labors were identified by extraction in factor analysis. On the three coordinates of labor, distances were measured between pairs of episodes. Supported with data, a dimension of cognitive labor was differentiated, constituting the three dimensions of labor as cognitive, emotional, and physical. With the independence of the three dimensions of labor, the demand and supply for each dimension are expected to be positively managed in balance for labor markets. The adoption of cognitive labor dedicates to the change of maps in labor conflicts, where traditionally problems were depicted mostly by physical and emotional labor.
Highlights
In daily life, labor seems to be shown in terms of physical aspects
Cognitive labor is more required for typical professor than non-typical professor, while emotional labor is more required for non-typical professor than typical professor
The professorship was positive on demands of the cognitive labor, but negative on the emotional labor, the construction-work was consistent with the physical labor, and the service-work required a combination of the emotional and physical labor
Summary
Labor seems to be shown in terms of physical aspects. Economic paradigms such as early liberalism, socialism, and revisionism focused on discussions of physical labor, evoking academic analyses. As multi-polarized societies and high technological structures have resulted in reconsidering the roles of humans, the emergence of the service industry has been seriously attended in labor markets. In these circumstances, the individual identity as an element of an industrial organism could be complimented by the evaluation of emotional aspects. A vast amount of research, estimating the values of labor by emotional criteria has been conducted
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