Abstract
Three-dimensional (3-D) modelling results are presented concerning the characteristics of heat transfer and melt flow in laser full-penetration welding. The effects of many factors on the welding characteristics are included in the modelling, such as welding speed, Marangoni convection, natural convection, surface heat loss and temperature-dependent material properties. It is shown that the welding speed and the Marangoni convection play critical roles in determining the welding characteristics. Comparison of the present 3-D variable-property modelling results with their 3-D constant-property counterparts shows that the variable-property effects may be quite appreciable. A method showing how to use the modelling results to estimate the keyhole radius or to predict the welding energy efficiency in laser full-penetration welding is described.
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