Three-dimensional sonoembryology

Abstract

Three-dimensional ultrasound plays an important role in obstetrics, predominantly for assessing fetal anatomy. The presentation of volume data in a standard anatomic orientation is valuable in order to assist both ultrasonographers and pregnant patients to recognize the anatomy more readily. Three-dimensional ultrasound is advantageous in studying normal embryonic and/or fetal development, as well as providing information for families at risk for specific congenital anomalies by confirming normality. This method offers advantages in assessing the embryo in the first trimester owing to the ability to obtain multiplanar images through endovaginal volume acquisition. Rotation of the embryo and close scrunity of the volume allow systematic review of anatomic structures such as cord insertion, limb buds, cerebral cavities, stomach and bladder. Using this modality, one can easily obtain the volumes of the gestational sac and yolk sac and can thus evaluate their relationship to prediction of pregnancy outcome. Three-dimensional ultrasound imaging in vivo compliments pathological and histological evaluation of the developing embryo, giving rise to a new term: three-dimensional sonoembryology. Rapid technological development will allow real-time three-dimensional ultrasound to provide improved and expanded patient care on the one hand, and increased knowledge of developmental anatomy on the other.