Three-Dimensional Reconstruction of Monochamus alternatus Galleries Using CT Scans.

Abstract

Simple SummaryAs one of the most important boring pests in China, the longhorn beetle Monochamus alternatus directly damages or kills pine trees as a vector of pine wood nematode disease. The study of the distribution of M. alternatus and its gallery construction behavior is key to exploring the survival and reproductive mechanisms and population variation, as well as the associated disaster prevention and control planning. In this study, CT technology was used to scan wood segments of Pinus densiflora harmed by M. alternatus, and three-dimensional reconstruction technology was used to obtain gallery models. The results showed that the gallery types of M. alternatus were single and most of them were C-shaped, and a few were S-shaped or Y-shaped. There was no significant difference in the structural parameters of the three galleries. Each gallery has only one larva, which does not collude with each other. CT scanning and three-dimensional reconstruction technology can realize the non-destructive identification and detection of the gallery of M. alternatus, which provides a new idea and method for understanding its hidden feeding behavior and control strategy.As a vector of pine wood nematode disease, Monochamus alternatus is wood-boring, cryptic, and extremely difficult to control—features that have made them a disastrous problem. In this study, we present a method of scanning the galleries of Monochamus alternatus using CT (computed tomography) technology to obtain their systematic structure via 3D (three-dimensional) reconstruction, so as to clarify the gallery types and their structural parameters. TLC (thin-layer chromatography) scanning on wood segments damaged by M. alternatus was performed using a 128-row spiral CT GE Revolution EVO to obtain 64-layer CT scanned images. From the scanned images, we were able to clearly identify the beetle larvae and their galleries. The galleries were clearly delineated from the peripheral xylem, except for parts that were blocked by a frass–feces mixture, which were slightly blurred. Three-dimensional reconstruction of the galleries showed that most of the gallery types were C-shaped, and a few were S-shaped or Y-shaped. There was only one larva per gallery, and the galleries were separate. The vicinity of the entrance hole and the anterior part of the pupal chamber were blocked with a frass–feces mixture. There were no significant differences among the galleries’ parameters, such as the width of the entrance holes, tunneling depth, vertical length, blockage length and volume, total length of the galleries, and boring volume. With MIMICS (Materialise’s interactive medical image control system) image processing software, the images of each layer were made into a composite image, providing an effective way to visualize the 3D distribution of galleries. Using the methodology outlined in this study, both a single gallery structure and the spatial distribution of multiple galleries of M. alternatus can be shown, and the specific parameters of galleries can also be accurately calculated, which provides new ideas and methods for carrying out ecological and scientific research and precise prevention and control techniques of M. alternatus.